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Mawsynram, a village in the Meghalaya state of northeastern India, currently holds the world record for the highest average annual rainfall: 11,873 mm, according to the Guinness Book of Records. To put this into perspective, the average annual rainfall in Hanoi is only around 1,800 mm, while in Ho Chi Minh City it's approximately 1,900 mm. This means Mawsynram receives more than six times the rainfall of areas considered the wettest in Vietnam.
Mawsynram (India), the village that holds the record for the highest average annual rainfall in the world.
Why does Mawsynram receive so much rain?
Mawsynram is located in the state of Meghalaya – which in Sanskrit means “dwelling place of clouds” – and indeed, the area seems to be shrouded in mist year-round. The village sits at an altitude of approximately 1,400 meters above sea level, right on the edge of the Shillong Plateau, bordering the lowlands of Bangladesh. This is the key reason why Mawsynram is known as the “rain capital”.
The Southwest monsoon, from June to September, carries enormous amounts of moisture from the Bay of Bengal. When these humid winds collide with the high mountain walls of the Shillong Plateau, they are forced upwards, causing condensation and resulting in torrential rains. This type of rainfall is called orographic rainfall, and Mawsynram is one of the best examples in the world.
According to the Guinness World Records, the average annual rainfall in Mawsynram is 11,873 mm. Notably, in June 2022, a new record was set when the village experienced 1,004 mm of rain in a single day – a figure far exceeding the annual average for many places around the world.
Compared to a temperate European country like Poland, which receives an average of only about 600–700 mm of rainfall per year, Mawsynram is experiencing nearly 20 times more rain.
Life amidst the rain and unique adaptations.
For a long time, rain has been a more normal occurrence than a meal for the people of Mawsynram. The locals have learned to live in harmony with the long, continuous rains that last from month to month. All aspects of their lives, from eating and traveling to production, are closely tied to the rainy season.
Before the rainy season arrives, families are busy preparing. They repair their roofs, often thatched with dry grass, not only for insulation but also to reduce the noise of rain hitting the corrugated iron roof. However, heavy rain can wash away the grass, so roof maintenance is a familiar household chore. People also stock up on food, fuel, and firewood, as going out to shop is almost impossible during the peak season from June to August.
Roof maintenance is a familiar "household chore" for the people here.
One indispensable item is the "knup"—a special traditional raincoat shaped like a turtle shell. Handcrafted from bamboo, grass, and plastic sheeting, it can cover almost the entire body from the rain. Weaving knup is a common craft among women in the village, especially during the rainy season.
Knup - a traditional raincoat handcrafted from bamboo, grass, and plastic sheeting.
During periods of heavy, continuous rain, schools often have to temporarily close, and many roads become muddy or cut off due to flash floods and landslides. Children are accustomed to studying under soaking wet tin roofs, sometimes only able to attend school a few days a month, and during peak rainy seasons, they may study at home.
The electricity system also frequently malfunctions due to harsh weather conditions. Therefore, lighting from wood fires remains the primary source of light at night, especially in areas without generators. Many families also store clean water in containers in case the water supply is contaminated or interrupted.
Every aspect of life, from eating and traveling to production, is closely tied to the rainy season.
Cuisine and culture adapted to the climate.
Local cuisine also reflects adaptation to the weather conditions. One of Mawsynram's signature dishes is "tungtap"—a fermented fish paste made with chili and tomatoes, often served with rice. This dish is easy to preserve and suitable for the prolonged humid conditions. In addition, the people also use many dried foods, which are easy to store and do not require elaborate preparation.
Tungtap - a fermented fish paste made with chili and tomatoes, often served with rice.
Cultural festivals are also held seasonally. During the months with less rain, the community often holds traditional ceremonies to pray for a good harvest, peace, and to give thanks to nature. Despite facing many inconveniences, the people of Mawsynram always demonstrate optimism, unity, and a strong attachment to their land.
During the months with less rain, the community often holds traditional ceremonies to pray for a good harvest, peace, and to give thanks to nature.
Living bridge made from tree roots
One of the most remarkable innovations of the people of Meghalaya in general is the technique of building "living bridges" from tree roots, especially from the fig tree (Ficus elastica). They guide the tree roots across streams and patiently wait for years, even decades, for the roots to intertwine and form a sturdy natural bridge.
These bridges can withstand strong currents and are not damaged like wooden or concrete bridges in humid environments. More than just a sustainable transportation solution, they symbolize the harmonious relationship between humans and nature.
The slender roots of the rubber tree are bent and tied together by the locals to create bridges and ladders, capable of withstanding the year-round humid environment of Meghalaya.
The fear of natural disasters is always present.
Although the area has adapted to the rain, the risk of natural disasters remains ever-present. Excessive rainfall can cause landslides, sweeping away houses and causing casualties, especially among children and the elderly. Access to healthcare during the rainy season in Mawsynram is also very difficult.
Another paradox is the lack of clean water, as heavy rains cause mud to flood water sources or damage reservoirs. In the context of climate change, people fear that extreme events such as heavier, longer-lasting, or erratic rainfall will severely impact their livelihoods and safety.
A spirit of attachment to the motherland.
Despite living amidst constant turmoil, the majority of Mawsynram residents have no intention of leaving. They consider it their home, deeply connected to their ancestors, culture, and beliefs. Younger generations continue the traditions of their forefathers, preserving their ethnic identity while adapting to modernity through initiatives such as tourism development, community education, and the use of renewable energy.
Despite living amidst constant turmoil, most people in Mawsynram have no intention of leaving the area.
Mawsynram, more than just a special place on the meteorological map, is a symbol of the resilience and harmony between humans and a harsh environment, something the modern world is gradually learning and appreciating.
